graduate student from 01.01.2024 until now
Irkutsk, Irkutsk region, Russian Federation
In the article the author investigates the objective signs of the crime provided by article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation devoted to criminal ac-tions connected with incitement of hatred or enmity, as well as with humiliation of dignity of a person or a group of persons on the grounds of nationality, race, reli-gion, language, origin or social affiliation, which allow to qualify the act as crimi-nal. The materials of the research were normative acts, court decisions, scientific works. The study of the objective side of the offence under article 282 of the Crim-inal Code of the Russian Federation was carried out with the use of a set of meth-ods aimed at the analysis of normative-legal sources, judicial practice and doctrinal approaches (dialectical, dogmatic, empirical, interpretative methods). The results of the research allowed to reveal the content of objective signs of in-citement to hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity, which allow to qualify the act as criminal. The objective side of the offence under part 1 of arti-cle 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has a formal composition, implying responsibility for public actions aimed at inciting hatred or enmity, humil-iation of dignity on social grounds. The key problems of application of the norm are related to the uncertainty of the criteria of publicity, the difficulty of differentia-tion from Article 280 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Court deci-sions demonstrate an expansive interpretation of ‘actions’. In order to eliminate problematic issues, legislative clarifications are needed, such as possible regulation of a closed list of ways of committing an offence, definition of quantitative criteria of publicity, development of expert methods for analysing the context.
incitement to hatred, enmity, social group, humiliation of dignity, publicity.
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22. Zemlyukov, S. V., Potapov D. P. St. 282 UK RF (mesto v sisteme prestuplenii ekstremistskoi napravlennosti) [Art. 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (place in the system of extremist crimes)] // Izvestiya Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Izvestia of Altai State University]. 2014. Vol. 2. № 2 (82). pp. 132-136.
23. Arkhipova, M. V., Red'kina, E. A. Definicija i zakonodatel'noe konstruirovanie ob"ektivnyh priznakov prestuplenii ekstremistskoi napravlennosti v seti Internet [Definition and legislative construction of objective signs of extremist crimes on the Internet]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya «Ekonomika. Upravlenie. Pravo» – RSUH Vestnik. Series "Economics. Management. Law". 2022, no 3-2, pp. 240-252. (In Russ.).
24. Mikhailov, A. G., Fedorov, I. Z. Osobennosti ob"ektivnyh i sub"ektivnyh priznakov ekstremistskih prestuplenii i prestuplenii ekstremistskoi napravlennosti: voprosy tolkovaniya i razgranicheniya [Features of objective and subjective signs of extremist crime s and crimes of extremist orientation: issues of interpretation and distinction]. Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta kooperacii – Vestnik of the Russian University of Cooperation. 2019, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 151-157. (In Russ.).
25. Khalikov, M. I. Ekstremizm (ugolovno-pravovoi aspekt) [Extremism (criminal law aspect)]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. Seriya «Ekonomika i pravo» – Vestnik of Udmurt University. Series "Economics and Law". 2008, no. 2, pp. 210-216. (In Russ.).
26. Mutsalov, Sh. Sh. Problemy kvalifikacii vozbuzhdeniya nenavisti libo vrazhdy, a ravno unizheniya chelovecheskogo dostoinstva (st. 282 UK RF) [Problems of qualifying incitement of hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity (Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)]. Evrazijskij nauchnyj zhurnal – Eurasian Scientific Journal]. 2016, no. 3, pp. 187-189. (In Russ.).
27. Antipov, D. N. Obshchestvennaya opasnost' i ob"ekt prestupleniya, predusmotrennogo st. 282 UK RF («vozbuzhdenie nenavisti libo vrazhdy, a ravno unizhenie chelovecheskogo dostoinstva») [Public danger and the object of the crime provided for in Art. 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation ("incitement of hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity")]. Probely v rossijskom zakonodatel'stve. Yuridicheskij zhurnal – Gaps in Russian Legislation. Legal Journal. 2016, no. 8, pp. 212-216. (In Russ.).
28. Vertepova, T. A. Chest', dostoinstvo i reputaciya kak ob"ekty ugolovno-pravovoi ohrany [Honor, dignity and reputation as objects of criminal law protection]. Obshchestvo i pravo – Society and Law. 2015, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 85-88. (In Russ.).
29. Brownlee, K., Jenkins, D. Freedom of Association // The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Spring 2024 Edition. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2024/entries/freedom-association/ [Accessed 11 th May 2025]. (In Russ.).
30. Tyazhkova, I. M. Ekstremistskie prestupleniya kak posyagatel'stva na vnutrennyuyu bezopasnost' gosudarstva [Extremist crimes as encroachments on the internal security of the state]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 11. Pravo – Moscow University Bulletin. Series 11. Law. 2012, no. 4, pp. 83-100. (In Russ.).
31. Khomenko, A. N., Cheremnov N.A. Otgranichenie ekstremistskih proyavlenii ot pravomernogo povedeniya v kontekste st.st. 20.3, 20.3.1 KoAP RF i st.st. 280, 282 UK RF [Distinguishing extremist manifestations from lawful behavior in the context of Art. 20.3, 20.3.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation and Art. 280, 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation]. Vestnik Vostochono-Sibirskogo institute MVD Rossii – Vestnik of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2019, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 44-56. (In Russ.).
32. Ivantsov, S. V., Idel'baeva, G. I. Voprosy kvalifikacii prestuplenii ekstremistskoi napravlennosti, sovershennyh s ispol'zovaniem seti «Internet» [Issues of qualification of extremist crimes committed using the Internet]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii – Vestnik of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2020, no. 8, pp. 123-129. (In Russ.).
33. Borovikova, V. V. Voprosy ugolovnogo prava i deyatel'nost' sredstv massovoi informacii [Issues of criminal law and the activities of the media]. Probely v rossijskom zakonodatel'stve. Yuridicheskij zhurnal – Gaps in Russian Legislation. Legal Journal. 2013,no 4, pp. 126-129. (In Russ.).
34. Red'kina, E. A., Arkhipova, M. V. Definicija i zakonodatel'noe konstruirovanie ob"ektivnyh priznakov prestuplenii ekstremistskoi napravlennosti v seti Internet [Definition and legislative construction of objective signs of extremist crimes on the Internet]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya «Ekonomika. Upravlenie. Pravo» – RSUH Vestnik. Series "Economics Management. Law". 2022, no. 3-2, pp. 240-252. (In Russ.).
35. Gorshkov, D. Yu. Publichnyi sposob soversheniya ekstremistskih prestuplenii: sushchnost' i kriterii [The public method of committing extremist crimes: essence and criteria]. Pravoporyadok: istoriya, teoriya, praktika – Law and Order: History, Theory, Practice. 2021, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 149-154. (In Russ.).
36. Karabaev, V. V. Problemy razgranicheniya vozbuzhdeniya nenavisti libo vrazhdy, a ravno unizheniya chelovecheskogo dostoinstva, s inymi sostavami prestuplenii i administrativnyh pravonarushenii [Problems of distinguishing incitement of hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity, from other elements of crimes and administrative offenses]. E-Scio – E-Scio. 2023, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 664-669. (In Russ.).
37. Voronin, V. N. Prestupleniya ekstremistskoi napravlennosti: puti povysheniya kachestva ugolovno-pravovoi ohrany [Extremist crimes: ways to improve the quality of criminal law protection]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Pravo – Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law. 2016, no. 4, pp. 16-28. (In Russ.).
38. Zemlyukov, S. V., Potapov, D. P. St. 282 UK RF (mesto v sisteme prestuplenii ekstremistskoi napravlennosti) [Art. 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (place in the system of extremist crimes)]. Izvestiya Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta – Izvestia of Altai State University. 2014, vol. 2, no. 2 (82), pp. 132-136. (In Russ.).
